Pain in your gums can be caused by health issues ranging from minor to major, so it is very important that you know the exact cause of your gum pain. On the minor end, gum pain can be caused by brushing incorrectly or eating food that was too hot, while on the major end, your gum pain could be caused by gum disease or oral cancer. If you are unsure of the exact nature of your pain, be sure to visit your dentist for a full diagnosis.